Oklahoma in the Civil War

The Indian Territory

Oklahoma during the Civil War

Oklahoma was non-existent, instead it was considered Indian Territory

The Indian Territory pre-civil war was thriving

Much fighting took place in Oklahoma. The Civil War weakened the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma. It caused destruction and ruin. In 1861, Indian Territory was prosperous. Roads, ferries and river steamers connected Oklahoma with towns in the east and south. Tribal leaders had written constitutions & created governments based on the Constitution.

The Indian Territory occupied most of present day Oklahoma and was created for the relocation of Native Americans.

Tribes that originally lived in Indian Territory

Plains Apache tribe
Arapaho tribe
Caddo tribe
Comanche tribe
Kiowa tribe
Osage tribe
Wichita tribe

Tribes that were relocate

The Arapaho tribe
The Cayuga tribe
The Cherokee tribe
The Cheyenne tribe
The Chickasaw tribe
The Choctaw tribe
The Creek tribe
The Delaware tribe
The Ioway tribe
The Kaw tribe
The Kickapoo tribe
The Miami/Peoria tribe
The Missouria-Otoe tribe
The Modoc tribe
The Ottawa tribe
The Pawnee tribe
The Ponca tribe
The Potawatomi tribe
The Quapaw tribe
The Sac and Fox tribe
The Seneca tribe
The Shawnee tribe
The Wyandotte tribe
The Tonkawa tribe
The Yuchi tribe

Most blacks who lived in The Indian Territory were either slaves of the Indian tribes or were among the tribes themselves such as Seminoles. A brigade of African Americans from Kansas did participate in the war as the First Kansas Colored. Later to be called The Buffalo Soldiers

Primary Indian involvement during this period was in the many skirmishes and battles that took place because of the civil war.

Confederacy-Choctaws, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole and part of Creeks.

Union-Union sympathetic Seminole, Creek, and Cherokee

Pre-civil war era Indian Territory had U.S. occupied forts set up throughout the territory for protection from plain Indians. After the civil war started, the union withdrew all troops from these forts to occupy more “important” areas of the nation.

Most Native American tribes signed treaties with the Rebels and became a part of the Confederate Military, but they were not supposed to fight outside of the Indian Territory. Though the Union did allow Native Americans to fight along with them Native Americans could not sign on to the Union. Most Native American Participation on the Union side was through

Native Americans were thus left without protection to many of the Aggressive Plain Indians and the Confederates.

The Confederacy saw the Indian Territory as a means of supplies and resources such as cattle, grain, and soldiers.

Many tribal leaders signed treaties with the Confederacy without any consensus of the tribe.

Choctaw/Chickasaw fully sided with Rebel army

Half of Creek and many Seminole members who wanted to stay neutral followed revered Upper Creek Leader Opothleyaholo.

Cherokee were having internal conflict. General Stand Watie created a battalion of Rebel Sympathizers. Tribal chief John Ross wanted to stay out of the war. With Watie’s pressuring and being surrounded by confederate tribes Ross reluctantly joined the confederacy

Most Native Americans who wanted to stay neutral or were sympathizers of the union were forced to Kansas.

Opothleyaholo, though valiant, was not successful in keeping territory.

He gathered 7,000 men, women, and children into a camp and Deep fork. After constant attacks by Colonel Cooper and the rebel army, Opothleyaholo moved his forces into Kansas and stayed there.

These battles, which all took place in 1861, were the first three of the Indian Territory and were unrelated to the Union campaign.

From that point forward, battles took place between Confederate (Native Americans and Whites) and the Union (Indian Home Guard, Kansas Sympathizers and The first Kansas Colored).

3 Indian Home Guards were created in Kansas. They contained mainly Native Americans.

1 African American regiment was created, the First Kansas Colored Infantry.

Kansas Militia/sympathizers came into the Indian Territory to return the “fugitive” natives.

The Union led two invasions into Indian Territory. Led mainly by sympathetic Kansas militia and Indian refugees being forced back into Indian Territory, the first invasion met easy success. The second invasion saw the climactic battle of Honey Springs and was essentially the winning push for the Union in the Indian Territory

Stand Watie captured hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of equipment and supplies throughout his campaign.

First Kansas Colored was extremely beneficially for the battle.

Though the Confederacy had many outstanding hit-and-run wins, the Union all but won the battle of Indian Territory.

Most major leaders of the Confederacy surrender to the Union with the exception of Stand Waite.

Though the Union won the war, the Confederacy successfully plundered many outposts and supply trains totaling over $1 million.

Stand Waite continued fighting months after the Civil War was over, but gained nothing and eventually became the last Confederate General to lay down arms.

Stand Watie

Stand Watie was educated in Georgia and was one of the few Cherokees who advocated relocating to Oklahoma and relinquishing their land and relocated with his followers to Indian Territory before the Trail of Tears.

Stand Watie's Cherokee name was De-ga-ta-ga, or "he stands."

John Ross, the Chief of the Cherokees, came to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears, angry that Watie and three others had consented to give away tribal lands.

Three other Cherokees that yielded land were killed as the Cherokee penalty for yielding land was death, but Watie escaped.

Watie owned slaves and had a plantation and so did Ross.

Ross wanted to remain neutral but eventually joined the Confederate side.

Some Seminole and Creek Indians fought on the Union side and Choctaw and Chickasaw fought on the Confederate side. Cherokee were divided between the opposing sides.

General Stand Watie was the leader of a Cherokee Confederate army, mainly men on horseback with rifles.

Watie led many successful raids that garnished the Confederacy much needed supplies.

A very successful raider, Watie and his troops captured a steam ship full of Union supplies, 150 barrels of flour, 16,000 pounds of bacon, and other goods at the Second battle of Cabin Creek.

Another raid of 300 wagon trains captured a Federal wagon train and netted approximately one million dollars worth of wagons, mules, commissary supplies, and other needed items.

Watie was the last General to surrender in the War and is the only Native American to achieve the rank of Brigadier General in 1864 on the Confederate side.

Stand Waites Confederate Indians

The People, The Battles

Albert Pike

· Appointed Confederate commissioner of Indian affairs in March 1861

· Negotiated treaties of alliance among the Creek, the Choctaw and Chickasaw, the Seminole, the Osage, and the Seneca and Shawnee to join the Confederacy.

Col. Douglas H. Cooper

· Confederate Civil War General

o Choctaw and Chickasaw agent- representative to make sure the tribes follow obligations of removal treaties.

o When the Confederate cause was lost, he surrendered his troops in Indian Territory in June 1865. He swore allegiance to the United States, and his pardon application was approved in April 1866

Opothleyaholo

· Creek Nation’s Chief

o Became leader of the Upper Creeks after he lead the resistance against the Lower Creeks.

o Upper Creek resistance executed William McIntosh, leader of the Lower Creeks, after signing a treaty in 1825 that would have given up all Creek-owned land in Georgia.

· Neutral Indians

o Eventually joined the Union in hopes of finding refuge in the North.

o Gathered Union sympathizers from the Comanche, Delaware, Kickapoo, Seminole, Wichita, and Shawnee tribes.

o African slaves and freedmen also joined.

o Led to Kansas

John Ross

· Principal Chief of the Cherokee

· Wanted to main neutral in the war

· Reluctantly signed with the Confederacy when Stand Waite was rallying troops from different tribes to join the Confederacy.

· Abandoned Cherokee Nation all together when the Federals invaded Indian Territory

Battle of Round Mountain (November 19, 1861)

· First major battle of the Civil War in Indian Territory

· Gen. Douglas Cooper and Opothleyaholo were not able to settle their differences.

· Cooper, 1400 troops of Tribes. Opothleyaholo 1700 troops.

· Cooper learned of Opothleyaholo’s camp site.

· Confederates forced to retreat

· Opothleyaholo relocated

Battle of Caving Banks (December 9, 1861)

· Also known as Battle of Chusto-Talasa

· Cooper , along with Col John Drew, found Opothleyholo’s campsite

· Opothleyaholo fought but then retreated and fled north

· Cooper, short of ammunition, did not attack refugees while retreating to Kansas

· Confederates claimed victory

Battle of Chustenalah (December 26, 1861)

· Opothleyaholo found by Confederate scouts.

· Confederate attack led by Douglas Cooper and James McIntosh.

· Opothleyaholo ran out of ammo and ran into the woods.

· Suffering in cold weather, until Confederate troops retreated, Opothleyaholo then moved into Kansas

· Considered a Confederate victory.

· End of year one.

Battle of Fort Wayne (October 22, 1862)

· Union leader Blunt learned of Cooper’s disband of Confederate march to Arkansas

· Overwhelming Unionist troops outnumbered Confederate troops, leading to Union Victory.

Battle of Honey Springs (July 17, 1863)

· Largest military clash to have occurred in Indian Territory.

· Confederate Depot

· Federals wanted to reestablish control.

· Federals led by Maj. Gen. James G. Blunt. Confederates led by Col. Douglas Cooper.

· Cooper awaited for Col. James Cabell and his troops at Honey Springs

o Accumulated an estimated 6000 Confederate Soldiers

· Blunt occupied and held his brigades at Fort Gibson

o Accumulated an estimated 2800 troops

o Fought alongside with Col. William Phillips and Col. William Judson

o Col. William A. Phillips occupied Fort Gibson during the battle as Blunt went forward to meet Cabell.

· Blunt, correctly assuming Confederate generals were grouping together, led an attack at Honey Springs against Cooper as he was on his way to attack Fort Gibson.

o Union victory due to Confederates having inadequate battle supplies and wet gun powder

§Noted that Cooper’s leadership might have also led the Confederacy to defeat.

· As a result of the battle the Confederates no longer controlled Indian Territory north of the Arkansas River.

Battle of Middle Boggy Depot(February, 1864)

· Maj. Charles Willette led an expedition sent by Col. John F. Phillips in Indian Territory that surprised Lt. Col. John Jumper’s Confederate forces.

· Rebels had a small army, leading to their defeat

· Federals retired to Fort Gibson

Battles of Cabin Creek

· First Battle (July 1 and 2, 1863)

o Stand Waite, along with Gen. William L. Cabell, attempted to capture Col. James M. William’s wagon train to supply Fort Gibson

o Williams pushed back Waite with artillery, infantry, and cavalry.

· Second Battle (September 19,1864)

o Last major Civil War battle in Indian Territory

o Stand Waite and Richard M. Gano captured supply train of 300 wagons under Maj. Henry M. Hopkins

o Col. James M. Williams hear word and sent a brigade to relieve train

o Under cover of night, Gano escaped with wagons to the northeast

Forst Washita Civil War Re-enactment Sep. 25th 2009

Minority Women during War Time

· The crisis of the Civil War affected many different minority groups aside from the larger ones. For instance the Cherokee women were affected greatly by the war.

· One area that the war affected the Cherokee women was their identity. They were no longer able to live up to their full expectations of true women hood.

· Cherokee women also became split between the choice of whether to become part of the politics of the war, or to stand outside the battles.

· Along with the violence that they faced, Cherokee women went through wrenching changes in their status and authority. Their way of life began to breakdown.

· The Cherokee women were not the only women affected by the events occurring. Many of the elite Cherokee women had slaves whose lives were changed as well. African Americans were predominately either slaves or members of tribes in the Indian Territory.

· Some African American women owned by Cherokees told of being raped by their masters, and the harsh whippings they received.

· Other African American slaves recalled their masters treating them well.

Battle Sites and Ghost Towns

PLACES

1. Battle of Round Mountain (November 19, 1861)

This was the first battle of the Civil War in Indian Territory

Opothleyaholo’s a Upper Creek Chief was considered a Neutral Indian

The Confederates were forced to retreat and Opothleyaholo relocated

Present day Yale, Oklahoma 918-387-2815

2. Caving Banks (December 9, 1861) A Creek Indian Settlement Originally called Tulsey Town. This is the current day Tulsa, OK no ill effect from the war because the Creek settlement was on the union side. Known as Battle of Chusto-Talasa. General Cooper of the Confederacy located Opothleyholo’s campsite, and lost to the Neutral Indians for a second time. Opothleyaholo fought but then relocated further north so as not to be bothered with the war.

3. Chustenalah Battle of Chustenalah (December 26, 1861)

Confederate forces once again attacked Opothleyaholo’s men and only because Opothleyaholo ran out of ammo was this considered a Confederate victory. Leading his people into the wilderness and suffering in cold weather, until Confederate troops retreated, Opothleyaholo then moved into Kansas

Thus concludes the first year of the war.

4. Pea Ridge first settlement of Elkhorn Tavern located near western border of AK

March 6, 1862 confederates led by Watie, bloody battle lasted two days rebel troops last to leave the battle field, Waties men were among last to leave

5. Battle of Honey Springs (July 17, 1863) This occurred just South of Fort Gibson General James G. Blunt captured this fort and remained in Oklahoma for the rest of the war.

July 1863 Cooper’s Confederates attacked Fort Gibson, Blunt’s Union met at Honey Springs July 17 the battle lasted all day after which Blunt headed south and captured and burned Perryville which was a confederate supply depot. Perryville did not have an established post office and there for was not considered a town this was near present day Checotah Oklahoma 918-473-5572 honeysprings.org • Considered the largest military clash to have occurred in Indian Territory. After this battle the Confederates no longer controlled Indian Territory north of the Arkansas River.

6. Fort Smith this post was captured by Blunt on September 1, 1863

7. 1862 Comanche and Kiowa raiders captured union supplies from General James Carleton who ordered Colonel Kit Carson to guard the wagon trains There really isn’t a specific location for these attacks, they were mainly located in Western Plains Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle

8. November 25, 1864 bloodiest battle ADOBE WALLS an old trading post on the Canadian river in the Texas panhandle day of fighting union withdrew failing to defeat the Indians

9. Doaksville cemetery Fort Towson 580-873-2634 Choctaw County East of present day Hugo from 1850-63 Doaksville was the capital of the Choctaw Nation This was one of three important towns in the Choctaw area. The Civil War began the decline of Doaksville, in 1963 the Choctaw capital moved to Chahta Tamaha (Academy)

10. Boggy Depot or Old Boggy Depot where the Middle Boggy Civil War occurred in Atoka Oklahoma 580-889-7192 Atoka County Battle of Middle Boggy Depot (February, 1864) Confederate battle defeated by Union forces. This was an important town in the Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory situated between the Clear Boggy and Sandy Creeks 14 miles SW of Atoka. This was along the Texas Road on a trail that led from Fort Smith AK to Fort Washita and a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route. The post office opened on November 5, 1849 and closed on March 22, 1872 there were two local newspapers

This was the location of the first Chickasaw agency in the west. Capital of the Choctaw Nation from 1858 to 1860. Served as a Confederate Supply depot in Indian Territory during the Civil War. Boggy Depot State Park is listed in the National Register of Historic Places(NR 72001050).

11. 1864 September 300 wagon union supply train headed to Fort Gibson the spoils were shared among the confederate Indian refuges that lived in camps along the red river

12. Skullyville, Oklahoma located in LeFlore County North of Poteau 14 miles southwest of Fort Smith Arkansas. This town grew in importance until the Civil War as a confederate outpost then when the union captured the town it was destroyed and never fully recovered from the ravages of war

PEOPLE

Confederates: Texas was a Confederate State (they wanted to use Oklahoma as a buffer against Union invasion.

Colonel Tandy Walker Choctaw-Chickasaw confederate brigade commander

General Douglas H Cooper – commander confederate Indian troops

General Stand Watie confederate Cherokee

Union side: Kansas was a Union State

General James G. Blunt, commander of Union troops in Indian Territory

Opotheyaholo

James Carleton a commander of Union troops in New Mexico who ordered Kit Carson to take an army and gurad the wagon trains on the plains.

Kit Carson was a Union Soldier mainly in the western parts of Oklahoma he ran from Kansas, the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico, he protected the supply trains

* General Lee surrendered April 9, 1965

* General Stand Watie surrendered June 23 1865 offered his sword to union officials at Doaksville

BACKGROUND

Jefferson Davis of Mississippi president of the Confederate States of America

Abraham Lincoln president of United States

Much fighting took place in Oklahoma. The Civil War weakened the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma. It caused destruction and ruin. In 1861, Indian Territory was prosperous. Roads, ferries and river steamers connected Oklahoma with towns in the east and south. Tribal leaders had written constitutions & created governments based on the constitutions. Many Indians in the Five Civilized Tribes were slaveholders and the end of slavery would have been a severe loss to them as much of their wealth was in slaves. A slave was valued at $1,200.00 in 1861 and there were over 5,000 of them in Indian Territory. Thinking that the Confederate government would protect slavery many Indian citizens joined or supported the Confederacy. In return the Confederacy promised to protect their land.

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Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel, editors. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Volume II: The Struggle Intensifies. (Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle/Book Sales, Inc., n.d.; facsimile reprint of 1887 compilation of articles from The Century Magazine; Eicher #743b.)

Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel, editors. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Volume III: The Tide Shifts. (Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle/Book Sales, Inc., n.d.; facsimile reprint of 1887 compilation of articles from The Century Magazine; Eicher #743c.)

Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel, editors. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Volume IV: Retreat with Honor. (Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle/Book Sales, Inc., n.d.; facsimile reprint of 1887 compilation of articles from The Century Magazine; Eicher #743d.)

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